# The Holometer

Physics is all about understanding the phenomena that occur in nature. We essentially want to write down the equations which describe these phenomena and can be used for the benefit of the humanity. Blackholes are the naturally occurring mysterious objects in the space. They have very strong gravitational pull and are condensed in very small  region where quantum effects are appreciable. Therefore, we need to formulate a successful theory of quantum gravity which will not only give us a better understanding of the nature, but also provide the powerful practical tools in the future.

The Holographic Principle is a physical principle of the successful theory of quantum gravity. Although we don’t quite understand quantum gravity, we can extrapolate the notions from the already well established physical theories and cleverly deduce a pattern which should be manifest in quantum gravity.  The pattern here is essentially the existence of a precise and very strong limit on the information content of the spacetime. The holographic principle intimately connects the number of quantum mechanical states with the region of spacetime and builds up the stage for a consistent theory of quantum mechanics, matter and gravity. String Theory is the theory of quantum gravity which has successfully realized this principle through the AdS/CFT conjecture. It is important to note that any experiment that directly validates the holographic principle does not necessarily validate the string theory itself.

Recently, my friend Suzanne Jacobs introduced me to a project named Holometer at Fermilab which is an attempt to experimentally verify the holographic principle. I aim to explain the concept behind the working of the Holometer in this, hopefully, self-contained, blog-post.

Now, general relativity is a theory of spacetime and matter. It is a good theory for large length scales (rough estimate is  from radius of the Earth to that of Milky-way galaxy and beyond!). At these scales, matter can be appropriately described by the classical mechanics and the spacetime can be treated as a continuum. At the length scales smaller than that of radius of earth, we have Newtonian gravity in which space and time are treated separately and matter is again governed by classical mechanics. When you go down at the length scale of an atom, gravity becomes weak and other forces like electromagnetic forces become dominant. This is the regime of quantum mechanics. So for all practical purposes, we can forget about gravity and classical mechanics, and just work with the Hilbert Space of quantum mechanics. In very loose sense, Hilbert space is the stage for quantum theory just as spacetime is the stage for general relativity.

Quantum theory is a very peculiar theory and one of its results can be stated as

To probe the smaller length scales, you need to apply more energy in the system.

This is known as the uncertainty principle and given by a simple formula $\Delta x \Delta p \geq \hbar/2$. Now this is fine. We have built the particle accelerators capable of achieving very high energies and verifying the theory known as Standard Model. But since we live in a universe with gravity, there is a theoretical upper bound on the amount of energy that we can put in a region of space without creating a blackhole (of which we don’t know much about). And at this point gravity (a perfectly understood concept in classical domain) comes back to haunt us in the quantum regime. This length scale is known as Planck Scale and its numerical value is 1.6×10^(-35) meters. And at this length scale we need to formulate a theory of quantum gravity.

Many physicists believe that the spacetime should be an emergent notion in quantum gravity. Based on this school of thought, and theoretical calculations like covariant entropy bound, the Holographic Principle has very nice interpretation. It basically associates a Hilbert Space with each causal diamond in the flat spacetime as shown in the picture. Here we are considering 1+1 spacetime manifold.

A causal diamond (here, rhombus A1A2 and B1B2) is roughly the region of spacetime which is causally connected and is characterized by the proper time parameter $\tau$ (the distance along time axis tA and tB). Of course, here we assume that the observers are at rest with respect to this coordinate system. The Holographic principle assigns the Hilbert spaces $\mathcal{H}_A$ with the causal diamond A1A2 and $\mathcal{H}_B$ with the diamond B1B2. Essentially, these Hilbert spaces have states amongst which the causal connection can be established by definition. The intersection of the causal diamonds (shaded red) is the region of spacetime causally connected to both the points A2 and B2. The Hilbert space associated with this region is $\mathcal{H}_{AB}$. And now the holographic claim is

the Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}_{AB}$ is completely determined by some mathematical manipulation of the spaces $\mathcal{H}_{A}$ and $\mathcal{H}_{B}$.

the geometry of red shaded region is completely governed by the $\mathcal{H}_{AB}$

Now in the Hilbert spaces, the observables (experimentally detectable structures) are non-local. It simply means they don’t depend on the spacetime coordinates. In fact, as we have seen, the spacetime, hence locality, emerges from the holographic picture. It was not there in the quantum theory that we started with! So whenever I mention that something is non-local, it would just mean that it is somewhere in the Hilbert space of the spacetime.

(The matter of this blog-post from here is based on the non peer-reviewed article https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.06808. I shouldn’t be held responsible for any inconsistencies in the subsequent paragraphs :))

Ok, now consider an observable denoted by $\hat{x}$ in the Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$, which holographically represents the set of world lines in the spacetime manifold. Since $\hat{x}$ is a quantum mechanical object, the set of world lines it corresponds to should exhibit the quantum behavior. $\hat{x}$ is entirely new degree of freedom and differs from the position variable in the classical spacetime (please note that classical spacetime is different from the holographic spacetime we are talking about here). Also we, a priori, don’t know the corresponding Hamiltonian and the conjugate observable. This is radically different from the String Theory treatment of quantum gravity!

Define a measure (time-domain correlation function) to quantify the deviation of the quantum characteristic of $\hat{x}$ from its classical counterpart $\bar{x}$ by $\sigma(\tau) = \langle\Delta x(t)\Delta x(t+\tau)\rangle_{t}F(\tau)$. In other words,  by the very definition of this function, $\sigma(\tau)=0$ if there is no quantum or the holographic behavior in the evolution of the world lines! And if some experiment establishes the equality, we can then safely say that the spacetime is perfectly classical and throw the holographic principle out of the window. The non-zero value of $\sigma(\tau)$ represents the “jitter” or the “fuziness” that Fermilab’s Holometer is trying to detect.

Now a quantum mechanical state dechoeres (becomes more classical) with time. This effect can and will make the time-domain correlation function 0 which would destroy the entire purpose of the experiment. The condition to measure the non-zero $\sigma(\tau)$ before the decoherence kicks in, gives the bounds on the dimensions of the experimental apparatus (length and size of the mirrors in the interferometer).

Physicists at Fermilab have an interesting construction to fish out the holographic “jitter” using certain “models” and the details of the experiment can be found at https://holometer.fnal.gov/faq.html.

## My observation as a graduate student

This seems to be a good project to uncover and understand the physics at the Planck scales without having to achieve tremendously high amount of the energy. The results reported by the physicists, which are based on a particular model of the correlated holographic noise (cHN), at Fermilab are negative till now. But, as with all the scientific research programs, we now know what is incorrect and move on with the new and better models to gauge the cHN.

Curiously enough, the arXiv papers I consulted to study about these models are not peer reviewed and contain several instances of the ambiguities (broken Lorentz invariance for example). I am not really sure what to make of this, but again, these are just my personal views and I would follow this research only if the articles get published in a good peer reviewed journal.

# Holographic duals of the twisted supersymmetric theories

The winter breaks are essentially the “slingshots” which provide exponential growth to my knowledge-base. There is nothing like sipping coffee while staring at my digital paper and thinking about how universe works at various length-scales (especially with no semester pressure and coursework!).  My research in String Theory has exposed me to the several elegant “candidate ways” which describe the working of nature, and I aim to explain one of them in this blog-post. Please note that I will use the jargon frequently enough to bore a sane layperson (and most of the physics majors!) but non-rigorously enough to annoy a decent mathematician. Clearly, the aim of my graduate career is to rectify these drawbacks and explain physics in a way which is fun without losing the mathematical rigor.

Now, there are certain quantum field theories with some extra (symmetry) constraints which provide a lucid way to discover and test the framework of String Theory. These symmetries are

1. Conformal symmetry
2. Supersymmetry (SUSY)

I will be focusing on $\mathcal{N}=4$ Super Yang-Mill (SYM) theory in $d=4$ spacetime manifold with the topology given by $\mathbb{R}^{1,1}\times\Sigma_2$. Here $\Sigma_2$ is a 2 manifold with generic structure and curvature (for instance it could be a Riemann surface with constant negative curvature). For this theory the spin connection is in a $U(1)$ subgroup of the R-Symmetry group $SU(4)$. Now since $\Sigma_2$ can be a curved manifold, it can (and will) break the supersymmetries. In order to preserve at least some of them, we need to, what is known as, twist the theory in a specific fashion. Essentially, we couple the external $SO(N)$ gauge fields with the R-Symmetry current and identify the spin connection with the gauge connection such that we get the covariantly constant spinors on the manifold (there is a more visually appealing picture in the language of branes which I will explain later in the post). In other words, the twist corresponds to the nature of the embedding of the $U(1)$ subgroup in the $SU(4)$. The aim, then, is to find the holographic gravity duals of these twisted field theories.

## Twists preserving (4,4) susy

Here we will consider the twist which corresponds to picking a $U(1)$ subgroup such that we break the R-Symmetry in the following way $SO(6)\rightarrow SO(2)\times SO(4)$. To see what exactly is happening, consider the spinor field $\phi$ of the SYM with spin $s$ under the $SO(2)$ spin connection on $\Sigma_2$ and $U(1)$ charge $q$. Now, the covariant derivative on the manifold is, obviously,   $\mathcal{D}_\mu\phi=(\partial_\mu+is\omega_\mu+iqA_\mu)\phi$. Here $\omega_\mu=\epsilon_{ab}\omega^{ab}_\mu/2$. Now if the metric on $\Sigma_2$ is $ds^2=e^{2h}(dx^2+dy^2)$, the spin connection can be computed and once we identify the $U(1)$ gauge connection with the spin connection, the constraint $s=-q$ will give us the “covariantly constant” spinors which, now, are essentially the scalars. We have twisted the field theory by fixing the spin of the fields!

Essentially, the symmetry group (associated with the $\mathbb{R}^{1,1}\times\Sigma_2$), $SO(1,3)\times SO(6)$ (corresponding to the tangent bundle and the normal bundle) is decomposed as $SO(1,1)\times SO(2)_{\Sigma_2}\times U(1)\times SU(2)_L \times SU(2)_R$. This corresponds to having $(4,4)$ susy in the theory.

### Brane realization through an example:

Consider a manifold $\mathbb{R}^6\times K3$ with D3 branes wrapping some holomorphic curve (Riemann surface) in K3. In the field theory limit, we obtain the gauge theory mentioned above. The transverse $\mathbb{R}^6$ direction, after the twist, will have the $SO(4)=SU(2)_L \times SU(2)_R$ rotational symmetry. Now I will make a statement without showing any mathematics, because it is tedious, but it is important for my research. When we consider the low energy limit, compared to the size of Riemann surface, then we get a 2 dimensional effective theory in IR which now becomes (4,4) SCFT!

### Lagrangian description:

Let us write down the Lagrangian for the partially twisted theory which will enable us to find the gravity dual. Since we coupled the theory by introducing the spin connection with the $\Sigma_2$, we expect the extra terms in the Lagrangian coming from the covariant derivatives along that direction or fields which are charged under the $U(1)$ part of the normal bundle with non-zero gauge connections.

Consider the Lagrangian with two twisted scalar fields given by $\mathcal{Z}=X^1+iX^2$. The action looks like $S=\int Tr(|D_z\mathcal{Z}|^2+|D_{\bar{z}}\mathcal{Z}|^2+\frac{1}{4}R|\mathcal{Z}|^2)$.

## Supergravity (SUGRA) duals of the field theories

Maldacena’s conjecture of SYM theories being dual to supergravity theories on $AdS_5\times S^5$ give us a good starting point. Since we are dealing with the deformed SYM (defined on $\mathbb{R}^{1,1}\times\Sigma_2$ with coupling to $SO(6)$ gauge fields), the information gets translated into the boundary conditions in the dual gravity theory.

We start with a reasonable ansatz $AdS_5$ which at the boundary behaves like $ds^2\sim \frac{-dt^2+dz^2+dr^2+e^{2h}(dx^2+dy^2)}{r^2}$. Also we impose that the $SO(6)$ gauge fields in $AdS_5$ asymptotes to the field theory gauge fields. This means that the metric of the geometry $AdS_5\times S^5$ with one index in $AdS_5$ and other in $S^5$, that is $g_{\mu\phi}\sim A_\mu$ near the boundary.

Now a non trivial condition is that we should turn on an operator in the 20 of $SO(6)$. Since we can easily see the coupling to the curvature in the action above, we get the ansatz for the operator as $\mathcal{O}=Tr(\frac{2}{3}|Z|^2-\frac{1}{3}(\phi_1^2+\ldots+\phi_4^2))$.

Fortunately operators that are turned on correspond to the fields in the 5d gauged supergravity multiplet. Now people have already worked out such theory with $\mathcal{N}=8$ SUGRA and we will start with that!

Since the connection we started of is $U(1)$, we can start with the $U(1)$ truncations of the supergravity. Hence the data with which we start off is

1. a 5d metric
2. a scalar field
3. a $U(1)$ gauge field

To find the supersymmetric solutions, we start with the fermionic supersymmetric variations which give the constraint equations. Once these equations are solved, we get the complete dual supergravity theory to the twisted SYM theory. To see the explicit calculations head over to page 8 of https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0007018v2.pdf.